Computing energy levels ======================= In the following we present all keywords and options relevant to the calculations of energy levels. Calculation (input) setup ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ * Atoms: defines the chemical symbols of the two atoms. Example: :: atoms Na-23 H-2 specifies the 23NaD diatomic. Duo includes an extensive database of atomic properties (atomic masses, nuclear spins, isotopic abundances and other quantities) and will use the appropriate values when required. The database should cover all naturally-occurring nuclei as well as all radioactive ones with a half-life greater than one day and is based on the AME2012 and NUBASE2012 databases. Each atom should be specified by its chemical symbol, a hyphen (minus sign) and the atomic mass number, like in the example above. Atomic masses will be used, which is generally the most appropriate choice unless one is explicitely including non-adiabatic corrections. The hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium can also be optionally specified by the symbols ``D`` and ``T``. The atomic mass number can be omitted, like in the following example: :: atoms Li F In this case Duo will use the most-abundant isotopes (7Li and 19F in the example above) or, for radioactive nuclei not naturally found, the longest lived one. For example :: atoms Tc H selects for technetium the isotope 97Tc, which is the longest-lived one. A few nuclides in the database are nuclear metastable isomers, i.e. long-lived excited states of nuclei; these can be specified with a notation of the kind :: atoms Sb-120m H In the example above the radioactive isotope of antimony 120mSb is specified (and hydrogen). Another example :: atoms Sc-44m3 H specifies the scandium radioactive isotope 44m3Sc (and hydrogen). * masses: This is an optional keyword which specifies explicitely the masses of the two atoms (in Daltons, i.e. unified atomic mass units), overriding the values from the internal database if the keyword \texttt{atoms} is also specified. For example, the masses for the CaO molecule would be: :: masses 39.9625906 15.99491463 The masses may be atomic masses (the recommended choice if one does not include adiabatic or non-adiabatic corrections), nuclear masses. An up-to-date reference of atomic masses is provided by the AME2012 catalogue (Chin. Phys. C, 36:1603–2014, 2012.) Duo can also make use of position-dependent masses (which is a practical way to account for non-adiabatic effects), see Bob-Rot. * nstates: is the number of potential energy curves (PECs) included in the calculation. For example, if the ground state and four excited states of a molecule are to be included: :: nstates 5 Note that if ``nstates`` is set to a number different from the actual number of PECs included in the input file no error message is issued; if more than nstates PECs are included in the input file then the PECs with ``state`` > ``nstates`` will be ignored. Note also that, consistently with the way Duo works internally, ``nstates`` is the number of unique PECs in absence of spin-orbit couplings. * jrot: specifies the set of total angular momentum quantum numbers to be computed. These must be integers or half-integers, depending on whether there is an even or odd number of electrons. One can directly specify the values (separated by spaces or commas), specify a range of values (a minimum and a maximum values separated by a hyphen; note than the hyphen must be surrounded by at least by one space on each side). The values do not have to appear in ascending order. For example, the following line :: jrot 2.5, 0.5, 10.5 - 12.5, 20.5 specifies the set `J = 0.5, 2.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 20.5`. The first ``J`` in the ``jrot`` list will be used to define the reference zero-point-energy (ZPE) value for the run. Note that in the optional sections specifying calculation of spectra (See Intensity) or specifying fitting (section \ref{sec:fitting}) is necessary to specify again a list of J values by ``J`` and ``Jlist`` respectively, which are completely independent from the ``jrot`` value specified for energy level calculation. * symmetry: (or ``Symgroup``) is an optional keywork specifying the molecular permutation-inversion symmetry group. ``Cs(M)`` is for heteronuclear diatomics and ``C2v(M)`` is for homonuclear diatomics. For example: :: symmetry Cs(M) Instead of ``C2v(M)`` one can write equivalently ``C2h(M)`` or ``G4(M)``, as these groups are isomorphic; the only difference will be in the labels used for the energy levels. The short-hand notations ``Cs``, ``C2v``, ``C2h`` and ``G4`` can also be used and are equivalent to the ones with ``(M)``. The energy calculations are done using ``Cs(M)``, which is also the default, while for the intensities the ``C2v(M)`` group can be also used. Note that this keyword refers to the symmetry of the exact total (electronic, vibrational and rotational) Hamiltonian and `not` to the :math:`C_{\infty v}` or the :math:`D_{\infty h}` point groups, which are relative to the clamped-nuclei electronic Hamiltonian. * DO_NOT_SHIFT_PECS: suppresses shifting the PEC to the minimum of potential 1 (assumed to the lowest). The default is to do the shift of the PECs to the minimum of ``poten 1``. In order to suppress shifting energies to ZPE, use :: ZPE 0.0 see also the description of the keyword ``ZPE``. * SOLUTIONMETHOD * defines the DVR basis set and thus the DVR solution method for the vibrational problem. Possible methods include ``5POINTDIFFERENCES``. :: SOLUTIONMETHOD 5POINTDIFFERENCES for the 5 points stencil finite differences to derive the kinetic energy operator. A more efficient method is Sinc DVR (default), which is switched on with :: SOLUTIONMETHOD SINC Since Sinc is also currently the default method, this does not have to be specified. Defining the grid ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ * grid: specifies an input section with the specifications of the grid of points. It is used for the solution of the vibrational problem. Example: :: grid npoints 501 unit angstroms range 1.48 , 2.65 type 0 end **Keywords** * npoints: is the number of grid points Np. Typical runs use 100 to 500 points. :: npoints 301 * units: is optional and specifies the unit of measure of the grid specifications; possible values are ``angstroms`` (default) or ``bohrs``. * range: specifies the range of the grid in terms of rmin and rmax the lower and upper bond lengths. rmin should be strictly greater than zero and rmax strictly greater than rmin. As elsewhere in the program, the value may be separated by a space or a comma. * type: Grid type Is an integer number :math:`\ge 0` which specifies the type of grid. Duo support not only uniformely spaced grids (default), which correspond to ``type 0``, but also various kind on non-uniformely spaced ones, which are particularly useful for near-dissociation, very weakly bound states. Example: :: type 0 In the case of uniformely-spaced grids the mesh points `rj`, j=0, Np-1 are given by :math:`r_j = r_\mathrm{min} + \Delta j \qquad \mbox{where} \qquad \Delta = \frac{ r_\mathrm{max}-r_\mathrm{min}} {N_p - 1}` Non-uniformely spaced grids are based on a change of variables from `r` to `z=f(r)`; it is then the transformed variable `z` that is uniformely sampled. The transformed variables `z` are parametrised by two parameters, :math:`r_e` and :math:`\alpha`, which have to be specified for the grid types > 0 (see below). Transformed variable currently implemented are (Phys. Rev. A, 78:052510, 2008): :math:`\quad z=\exp( -e^{-\alpha (r-r_e)} )` :math:`\quad z=1 - \left(1+ e^{\alpha (r-r_e)} \right)^{-1}` :math:`\quad z= \arctan( \alpha (r-r_e) )` :math:`\quad z= (y-1)/(y+1)` with :math:`y=(r/r_e)^\alpha` All the transformed grids have the property of decreasing the density of points for large `r`, so that one does not `waste` too many points in regions where the potential is almost constant and the corresponding vibrational wave function slowly varying. * re: (alias ``ref``) Reference bond length used for ``type`` > 0 (see above). * alpha: Parameter :math:`\alpha` for ``type >0`` (see above). Eigensolver ^^^^^^^^^^^ The input section ``EigenSolver`` (aliases: ``FinalStates``, ``diagonalizer``, ``FinalStates``) specifies various options relative to the `J>0` and/or the coupled problem; it also specifies the LAPACK routine which should be used for matrix diagonalization (both for the solution of the vibrational problem and for the solution of the coupled problem). Example: :: Eigensolver enermax 25000.0 nroots 500 ZPE 1200.0 SYEVR END **Keywords** * nroots is the number of energy levels of the coupled problem to be computed (for any of the specified values of ``jrot``). Example: :: nroots 500 * enermax: is an energy threshold ``Enermax`` (aliases: ``uplimit``, ``enercut``) is to select the energy levels of the coupled problem to be computed (cm\ :math:`-1`). For example: :: enermax 15000. If both ``nroots`` and ``enermax`` are specified then only levels satisfying both criteria are selected. Note that the present ``enermax`` threshold is distinct from the homonymous one in the ``vibrationalbasis`` input section, as the latter refers to the solution of the `J=0` uncoupled problem while the one being discussed at present refers to the solution of the full (rotationally excited and/or coupled) problem. * ZPE: Zero point energy ``ZPE`` allows to explicitly input the zero-point energy (ZPE) of the molecule (in cm\ :math:`-1`). This affects the value printed, as Duo always prints energy of rovibronic levels by subtracting the ZPE. Example: :: ZPE 931.418890 If ``ZPE`` is not included Duo will define the ZPE value as the lowest computed energy for the first value of `J` listed next to the ``jrot`` keyword (``jlist``), from the positive parity block. Currently it is not possible to take an automatic ZPE from the negative parity block (it is however possible in the intensity and fitting parts of the output). Thus ZPE does not necessarily have to be from the ground electronic state. This ZPE taken from the ``eigensolver``/``diagonalizer`` section changes the energies in the main, standard Duo output. The ZPE shift can be suppressed by setting the ZPE value to zero. This should be done either in the ``Diagonalizer``, ``Fitting`` or ``Intensity`` sections, depending on the current task: :: ZPE 0.0 * SYEVR or SYEV: LAPACK Eigesolvers This optional keywords permits to specify which routine from the LAPACK library should be used for matrix diagonalization. At the moment only the two options quoted are implemented. Example: :: SYEV The SYEV routine (default) first reduces the matrix to diagonalize to tridiagonal form using orthogonal similarity transformations, and then the QR algorithm is applied to the tridiagonal matrix to compute the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors. The SYEVR routine also reduces the matrix to diagonalize to tridiagonal form using orthogonal similarity transformations but then, whenever possible, computes the eigenspectrum using Multiple Relatively Robust Representations (MR). SYEVR might give better performance, although exact timings are system- and case-dependent. * ``ASSIGN_V_BY_COUNT`` The vibrational quantum number :math:`v` is assigned by counting the rovibronic states of the same ``State``, :math:`\Lambda`, :math:`\Sigma` arranged by increasing energy. The corresponding ``State``, :math:`\Lambda`, :math:`\Sigma` labels are defined using the largest-contribution approach (the quantum labels corresponding to the basis set contribution with the largest expansion coefficient). The keyword should appear anywhere in the body of the input file. The default is to use the largest-contribution approach also to assign the vibrational quantum number (no ``ASSIGN_V_BY_COUNT``). Example: computing energy levels (one PEC) ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Here below there is a commented, minimalistic Duo input file for a single Morse potential; note that the input is case-insensitive. In this particular example we compute the :math:`J=0` energy levels of a Morse oscillator :math:`V(r) = D_e (1-e^{-a(r-r_e)})^2` with :math:`D_e = 40000` cm\ :sup:`-1`, :math:`r_e =1` Angstrom and :math:`a = 1` Angstrom\ :math:`^{-1}`; the masses of both atoms are both set to 1 Dalton, so that this example is very approximately corresponds to the hydrogen molecule H:math:`_2`. The exact energy levels are given by :math:`E_n = \omega (n+1/2) \left[1 - x_e (n+1/2) \right]`, :math:`n=0, \ldots, 33`, with :math:`\omega = a \sqrt{2 D_e/\mu} = 2322.593667` cm\ :sup:`-1` and :math:`x_e = \omega / (4 D_e) = 0.01451621`. :: (DUO test input) masses 1.00000 1.000000 nstates 1 jrot 0 10 grid npoints 250 range 0.30, 6.50 end EigenSolver enermax 35000.0 nroots 10 SYEV end VibrationalBasis vmax 10 END poten 1 name "Morse" type Morse lambda 0 mult 1 symmetry + units cm-1 units angstroms values v0 0.000000 r0 1.000000 a0 1.000000 De 40000. end **The output has this structure:** ================================ ============================================== Input line Description ================================ ============================================== (DUO test input) comment line masses 1.00000 1.000000 masses of the two atoms, in Daltons** nstates 1 number of PECs in the input jrot 0 10 total angular momentum J grid specification of the grid npoints 250 number of grid points range 0.30, 6.50 :math:`r_\mathrm{min}` and :math:`r_\mathrm{max}`, in Angstroms end end of grid specification EigenSolver options for the Eigensolver enermax 35000.0 print only levels up to enermax cm\ :sup:`-1` nroots 10 print only nroots lowest-energy levels SYEV use SYEV diagonalizer from LAPACK end end of input section EigenSolver VibrationalBasis options for the vibrational uncoupled problem vmax 10 compute vmax}+1 vibrational states end end of vibrational specifications poten 1 PEC number 1 specification name "Morse" label type Morse functional form: (extended) Morse function lambda 0 quantum number :math:`\Lambda` mult 1 multiplicity, :math:`2S+1` symmetry + only for :math:`\Sigma` terms: :math:`\pm` symmetry units cm-1 unit for energies units angstroms unit for distances and inverse distances values beginning of specification of the parameters v0 0.000000 specification of global shift r0 1.000000 specification of :math:`r_e` a0 1.000000 specification of :math:`a` De 40000. specification of :math:`D_e` end end of PEC number 1 specification ================================ ============================================== Duo will by default echo the whole of the input file in the output between the lines ``(Transcript of the input --->)`` and (``<--- End of the input``). This is useful so that the ouput file will also contain the corresponding input. To avoid echoing the input just add the keyword ``do_not_echo_input`` anywhere in the input file (but not within an input section). * Duo will then print its logo, the values of the physical constants (used by the program for such things as conversions between different units) and print some of the global input parameters such as the number of grid points, extent of the grid etc. * Duo will then print the values of all objects (PECs, dipole moment curves, couplings) on the internal grid. For PECs Duo will also compute and print quantities such as the value of the first few derivatives at the minimum, the corresponding equilibrium spectroscopic constants (harmonic frequency, rigid-rotor rotational constant etc.). * Duo will solve the :math:`J=0` one-dimensional Schroedinger equation for each of the PECs and print the corresponding ``vibrational (contracted)`` energies. * Duo will then solve the full problem (with :math:`J >0` and/or all coupling terms activated). In the example above we specified two values of :math:`J`, namely :math:`J=0` and :math:`J=10`. The :math:`J=0` energies will be exactly the same as the ``vibrational (contracted)`` ones, as in our example there are no couplings at all. The Duo input files for this example can be found in [Duo Tutorial](https://github.com/Trovemaster/Duo/tree/MOLPRO/examples/tutorial) See [The ab initio ground-state potential energy function of beryllium monohydride, BeH by Jacek Koput, JCP 135, 244308 (2011)](http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3671610) The ground electronic state of BeH is a doublet (2Sigma+), see [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucapsy0/diatomics.html](https://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucapsy0/diatomics.html). .. _energy_BeH: Example: BeH in its ground electronic state ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In order to solve the nuclear motion Schroediner equation to compute ro-vibronic spectra of BeH with Duo we need to prepare an input file using the following structure (BeH_Koput_01.inp): :: atoms Be H (Total number of states taken into account) nstates 16 (Total angular momentum quantum - a value or an interval) jrot 0.5 - 2.5 (Defining the integration grid) grid npoints 501 range 0.4 8.0 type 0 end CONTRACTION vib vmax 30 END poten 1 units cm-1 angstroms name 'X2Sigma+' lambda 0 symmetry + mult 2 type grid values 0.60 105169.63 0.65 77543.34 0.70 55670.88 0.75 38357.64 0.80 24675.42 0.85 13896.77 0.90 5447.96 0.95 -1125.87 1.00 -6186.94 1.05 -10024.96 1.10 -12872.63 1.15 -14917.62 1.20 -16311.92 1.25 -17179.13 1.30 -17620.16 1.32 -17696.29 1.33 -17715.26 1.34 -17722.22 1.35 -17717.69 1.36 -17702.19 1.37 -17676.19 1.38 -17640.16 1.40 -17539.76 1.45 -17142.53 1.50 -16572.59 1.55 -15868.72 1.60 -15063.34 1.65 -14183.71 1.70 -13252.86 1.80 -11313. 1.90 -9369.74 2.00 -7518.32 2.10 -5832.29 2.20 -4366.71 2.30 -3155.94 2.40 -2208.98 2.50 -1507.72 2.60 -1013.23 2.80 -456.87 3.00 -221.85 3.50 -72.13 4.00 -41.65 4.50 -24.9 5.00 -14.32 6.00 -4.74 8.00 -0.75 10.00 -0.19 20.00 0.0 end where we use the potential energy curve (PEC) defined in Table III of Koput_ J. Chem. Phys. 135, 244308 (2011) in a grid form. .. _Koput: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3671610 An alternative definition is an analytical PEC, see e.g. Barton_ et. al MNRAS 434, 1469 (2013) .. _Barton: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1105 :: poten 1 units cm-1 angstroms name 'X2Sigma+' lambda 0 symmetry + mult 2 type grid values V0 0.00 RE 1.342394 DE 17590.00 RREF -1.00000000 PL 3.00000000 PR 3.00000000 NL 0.00000000 NR 0.00000000 b0 1.8400002 end